1. Principle of reverse osmosis technology:
-Principle basis: By utilizing the selective permeability of a semi permeable membrane, water is forced to permeate from the high concentration solution (raw water) side to the low concentration solution (pure water) side under pressure, while impurities such as dissolved salts, colloids, microorganisms, and organic matter in the raw water cannot pass through the semi permeable membrane and are intercepted and concentrated on the concentrated water side, thereby achieving water purification and separation.
-Process: Pharmaceutical water is first treated by a pre-treatment system to remove large particle impurities, suspended solids, organic matter, residual chlorine, etc. from the water, in order to meet the inlet requirements of the reverse osmosis membrane. Then, under the action of the high-pressure pump, water is pressurized into the reverse osmosis membrane module. After filtration through the reverse osmosis membrane, a portion of the water passes through the membrane and becomes pure water, which enters the pure water tank; The other part is discharged as concentrated water.
2. Principle of ion exchange technology:
-Principle basis: Through the exchange reaction between cation and anion exchange resin and ions in water, ion impurities in water are removed. Among them, cation exchange resin adsorbs cations (such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, etc.) in water, releasing hydrogen ions; Anion exchange resin adsorbs anions (such as chloride, sulfate, nitrate, etc.) in water, releasing hydroxide ions. Hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions combine to form water, thereby achieving the goal of removing ions.
-Process: After pre-treatment, the raw water enters the ion exchange column. In the ion exchange column, water comes into full contact with the cation exchange resin to carry out ion exchange reactions. After ion exchange, the ion concentration of water is greatly reduced, meeting the requirements of pure water. In order to ensure the exchange capacity of ion exchange resin, it is necessary to regularly regenerate the resin. Typically, acid and alkali solutions are used to rinse the resin and restore it to its initial exchange state.
3. Principle of ultrafiltration technology:
-Principle basis: By utilizing the microporous filtration principle of ultrafiltration membranes, impurities such as suspended solids, colloids, and large molecular substances in water are intercepted on the surface or inside of the membrane through physical screening. Water and small molecular substances can then pass through the ultrafiltration membrane, thereby achieving water purification.
-Process: Raw water enters the ultrafiltration membrane module under pressure, and after filtration by the ultrafiltration membrane, large molecular substances and impurities are intercepted, forming a concentrated solution that is discharged; The water passing through the ultrafiltration membrane becomes ultrafiltration produced water, which enters the subsequent treatment process or is directly used.
4. Principle of Continuous Electrolytic Desalination (EDI) Technology:
-Principle basis: Combining ion exchange technology, ion exchange membrane technology, and ion electromigration technology. Under the action of an electric field, ions in water migrate towards the electrode through the ion exchange membrane. At the same time, the cation exchange resin in the freshwater chamber continuously adsorbs and exchanges ions in the water, reducing the ion concentration and achieving deep desalination of the water.
-Process: After pre-treatment and reverse osmosis treatment, the water enters the EDI device, and under the action of a direct current electric field, the ions in the water move towards the anode and cathode respectively. Near the anode, anions enter the concentrated water chamber through the anion exchange membrane; Near the cathode, cations enter the concentrated water chamber through the cation exchange membrane. The water in the freshwater chamber is continuously purified and becomes high-purity water.
In actual pharmaceutical pure water equipment, various technologies are usually comprehensively applied according to the different requirements and water quality characteristics of pharmaceutical water, forming a combination process to ensure that the produced pure water meets the strict standards of the pharmaceutical industry.