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Extraction principle of laboratory ultrasonic extractor
Date: 2024-12-24Read: 3
Ultrasonic extraction utilizes the mechanical, cavitation, and thermal effects of ultrasonic waves to extract bioactive components by increasing the velocity and penetration of medium molecules.
1. Mechanical effect
The propagation of ultrasonic waves in a medium can cause vibration of medium particles in their propagation space, thereby enhancing the diffusion and propagation of the medium. This is the mechanical effect of ultrasonic waves. Ultrasonic waves generate a strong radiation repulsion during propagation, which propagates along the direction of sound waves and has a strong destructive effect on materials, causing deformation of cell tissues and denaturation of plant proteins; At the same time, it can also provide different accelerations to the medium and suspension, and the velocity of the medium molecules is much higher than that of the suspension molecules. Thus, friction is generated between the two, which can cause biomolecules to dissociate and dissolve the active ingredients on the cell wall faster in the solvent.
2. Cavitation effect
Under normal circumstances, some microbubbles are more or less dissolved inside the medium, and these bubbles vibrate under the action of ultrasound. When the sound pressure reaches a certain value, the bubbles increase due to directional diffusion, forming a resonant cavity, and then suddenly closing, which is the cavitation effect of ultrasound. When this type of bubble closes, it generates thousands of atmospheres of pressure around it, forming micro shock waves that can cause the rupture of plant cell walls and the entire organism. The entire rupture process is completed in an instant, which is beneficial for the dissolution of active ingredients.
3. Thermal effect
Like other physical waves, the propagation of ultrasound in a medium is also a process of energy propagation and diffusion. During the propagation of ultrasound in a medium, its sound energy is continuously absorbed by the particles of the medium, and the medium converts all or most of the absorbed energy into thermal energy, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the medium itself and the medicinal tissue, and an increase in the dissolution rate of the active ingredients in the drug. Due to the instantaneous increase in temperature inside the drug tissue caused by the absorption of sound energy, the biological activity of the extracted components can be maintained unchanged.
In addition, ultrasound can also generate many secondary effects, such as emulsification, diffusion, fragmentation, chemical effects, etc. These effects also promote the dissolution of active ingredients in plants, facilitate the entry of drug active ingredients into the medium, and fully mix with the medium, accelerating the extraction process and improving the extraction rate of drug active ingredients.
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